The Lex Insight is a dedicated legal knowledge platform focused on explaining law in a clear, structured, and academically sound manner. This website is designed for law students, judicial and competitive exam aspirants, researchers, and readers who want a deeper and more accurate understanding of legal concepts beyond surface-level explanations. The aim is not merely to define the law, but to explore its reasoning, development, and practical implications in a way that is accessible yet intellectually rigorous. The content published here covers a wide range of legal subjects, including constitutional law, criminal law, company law, Muslim law, Hindu law, and other core areas of Indian law. Each article is written with careful attention to statutory provisions, judicial precedents, and doctrinal analysis. Rather than relying on brief summaries or oversimplified notes, the articles on this site engage with legal principles in detail, often tracing their historical background, judic...
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State under Article 12 of the Constitution of India
Introduction to State under Article 12 of the Constitution of India Fundamental Rights form the cornerstone of the Indian Constitution. They guarantee essential freedoms and protections to individuals against arbitrary action. However, these rights are primarily enforceable against the “State.” Therefore, a clear understanding of what constitutes the “State” is essential for determining the scope and applicability of Fundamental Rights. Article 12 of the Constitution provides an inclusive definition of the term “State” for the purpose of Part III. Over the years, the judiciary has played a crucial role in expanding and clarifying this definition to ensure that constitutional protections are not defeated by technical or formal distinctions. This article examines the meaning of “State” under Article 12, its components, judicial interpretation, and the various tests evolved by courts to determine whether a body or authority falls within its ambit. Also Read : Uniform Civil Code ...